仿古歇山式琉璃瓦屋面施工

Construction of antique shingshan glazed tile roof

在诸多的屋面形式中，以琉璃瓦最能代表中国式屋顶，如果说大屋顶最能代表中国式建筑的话，那么琉璃屋顶就应该是中国建筑的形象代表，梁思成先生曾经就说过：琉璃瓦显然代表中国艺术的特征。

In many forms of roofing, glazed tile is the most representative of the Chinese style roof. If the big roof is the most representative of the Chinese style architecture, the glazed roof should be the representative of the Chinese architecture. Mr. Liang Sicheng once said that glazed tiles clearly represent the characteristics of Chinese art.

古建屋面铺瓦的作法自20世纪90年代以后，出现了以灰代泥铺瓦的趋势，仿古建筑中已经大量采用水泥砂浆铺瓦的习惯，在各种铺瓦的材料中，水泥砂浆的强度最高，但用泥铺瓦和用灰铺瓦也能满足使用要求，用水泥砂浆铺瓦最大的优点是适用于冬期施工，粘黏瓦件的更牢。

Since 1990s, the trend of laying tiles in ancient construction roofs has appeared. The cement mortar is used in the antique building. In all kinds of tile materials, the strength of cement mortar is the highest, but the use of mud tile and ash tile can also meet the requirements, and the cement mortar is used to lay the tile most. The advantage is that it is suitable for construction in winter, and the adhesive tile is more firmly.

屋面使用的琉璃脊件、瓦件、兽件规格品种的采购，不仅要满足图纸设计要求同时要能通过砖瓦材料商能购买到。古建材料使用相对较少且地区差异较大，古建材料制造商和销售商也不多，常常出现图纸设计尺寸的脊件在周边市场采购不到，只好提出设计变更，妥协采用材料商能提供的相似规格，上图是在外地采购的琉璃瓦件运达施工现场。

The purchase of specifications for glazed ridge, tile and animal parts should not only satisfy the design requirements of the drawings, but also be able to be purchased through brick and tile materials suppliers. The use of ancient construction materials is relatively small and regional differences are large, and the manufacturers and sellers of ancient construction materials are not much. The ridges that often appear design dimensions are not available in the surrounding market, so the design changes are put forward, and the similar specifications can be provided by the material merchants. The above figure is the construction of the glazed tiles purchased in the field. The field.

瓦件、脊件在运至现场必须安排工人集中对瓦件、脊件进行“审瓦”，有裂缝、砂眼、残损、变形严重，釉色剥落的瓦不得使用，板瓦还必须逐块用瓦刀或铁器敲击检查，发现微裂纹，隐残和瓦音不清的应及时挑出统计和材料商联系，让货运司机带回换货，最大限度减少材料费的损失。

The tiles and ridges must be arranged to the tile and ridges for "trial tile". There are cracks, sand eyes, damage and deformation, and the glaze color is not used. The tile must be checked by the tile or iron by the hammer. It is found that the micro cracks, the hidden residue and the poor tile should be promptly picked out statistics and materials. Business contacts, let freight drivers take back the replacement, to minimize the loss of material costs.

地藏殿是重檐歇山楼阁，图片是施工期间自己拍摄的，现场管理有不符合规范的，还望各位朋友理解，待过工地的应该能体会。关于该项目细节不做过多介绍，通过这个歇山顶施工过程拍摄的照片给没待过现场的朋友介绍介绍，下面看看琉璃屋顶的施工细节，直接上屋面了。

The hall is a pavilion with eaves, the picture is taken during the construction, the site management is not in accordance with the standard, and I hope you can understand that the site should be able to understand. The details of the project are not introduced too much, and the photos taken by the construction process are introduced to the friends who have not been on the scene, and the details of the construction of the glazed roofs are looked directly on the roofs.

首先分中、号垄、排瓦当、钉瓦口，按正当沟的规格尺寸，确定屋面的瓦口尺寸以底瓦坐中为原则，按分中号垄的位置，檐头排钉瓦瓦口，脊部逐个号出每垄瓦的位置，前后坡对应，垄数相同，在已完成的屋面钢丝网水泥砂浆基层进行瓦垄放线，确保瓦片排垄的整齐无误。

According to the size of the proper ditch, it is determined that the tile size of the roof is in the seat of the bottom tile, according to the size of the proper groove, according to the size of the proper ditch, the position of the middle ridge, the eaves of the tile WWA mouth, the ridge part and the position of each ridge, the front and back slope corresponding, the number of ridges are the same, in the finished roof steel wire mesh cement mortar. The grass roots should be laid on the ridge to ensure that rows of tiles are neatly arranged.

冲垄，在大面积开始铺瓦之前，先铺上几垄瓦作为屋面铺瓦的高低标准，首先铺边垄，边垄冲好以后，按照边垄的曲线（囊线）在屋面中间将三趟底瓦和二趟盖瓦铺好，这个地藏殿屋面较小，为配合工期铺瓦过程并未完全按照教科书做法，我们也承认自己是“草台班子”，希望不会误导大家，全文介绍仅供参考。

The ridge, before the big area begins to spread the tile, first lay a few ridges and tiles as the high and low standard of the roof tile. First, the ridge and the edge ridge are good, and the three bottom tiles and two cover tiles are paved in the middle of the roof. As for textbook practice, we also admit that we are "grass team". We hope that we will not mislead you. The full text is for reference only.

铺檐头勾头滴水应该拴两道线，一道线拴在滴水尖的位置滴水的高低和出檐均以此线为标准，第二道线即冲垄之前拴好的檐口线，勾头瓦的高低和出檐以此为标准。在滴水瓦的蚰蜒当处填方碎瓦片，其上放灰扣勾头瓦，勾瓦要紧靠着滴子，高低、出进要跟线。图片可以看到并未拴两道线，也铺出整齐的勾头滴水，在这给瓦作师傅“永华、银华两兄弟”点个赞。

The tipping of the tipped head of the eaves should be tethered to two lines. A line is tied to the tip of the drip water and the eaves are on this line as the standard. The second line is the cornice line that is tied before the ridging, and the height of the hook and the eaves are the standard. In the dripping tiles, the tiles are filled with crushed tiles, and the top of the tiles is gray, and the hooks are close to the droplets. You can see that the two lines are not tied up, and the tidy heads are paved. This is a compliment to the master of the tile, "Yonghua and Yinhua two brothers".

挑正脊捏当沟，按脊件的宽度确定当沟的位置，挂线用素灰粘稳当沟，当沟的两边和底棱都要抹灰卡在两垄盖瓦之间和底瓦之上，当沟的瓦口不要超出通脊砖的外口，当沟应稍向外倾斜，正脊的前后侧都要捏当沟，当沟与垂脊里侧平口条交圈。

When the ridge is pinched and pinched as a ditch, the position of the ditch is determined according to the width of the ridge, and the line is glued to the ditch with plain ash. When the sides of the ditch and the bottom are plastered between the two ridges and the bottom tiles, when the groove's tile mouth does not exceed the outer edge of the brick brick, the ditch should be slightly inclined, and the front and back sides of the ridge should be pinched as a ditch, when trench and vertical ridge are to be trench. Make a circle with a horizontal bar.

正吻应放在群色条之上，无群色条时放在压当条之上，在安放正吻之前应先计算吻座的位置，方法如下：找出垂脊当沟外皮位置，吻座里皮应在当沟以里。就是说当沟要能卡住吻座，但又不能太往里，否则会遮住兽座的花饰，另外还要考虑到应保证正吻上的腿肘露在垂脊之上，叫做“垂不淹肘”，吻座放好后，即可拼装正吻。

The positive kiss should be placed above the group color bar. When no group color is placed on the bar, the position of the kiss seat should be calculated before placing the positive kiss. The method is as follows: find out the position of the ridges as the furrow outer skin, and the kiss seat Lippi should be in the ditch. That is to say that when the gully can hold the kiss seat, but it can't go inside, otherwise it will cover the ornaments of the beast. In addition, it should be considered that the leg elbow on the kiss should be exposed to the vertical ridge, which is called "not drowning the elbow". After the kiss seat is put, the kiss can be put together.

正当沟之上拴线铺素灰砌一层压当条，压当条的八字里口要和当沟外口齐。在群色条之上、两端正吻之间，拴线铺灰砌正通脊，脊筒子事先应经计算再砌置，找出屋顶的中点，以此为中放一块“脊筒子”，这块筒子叫龙口，然后从龙口往两边赶排，要单数。

On the ditch, there is a layer of pressure laid on the top of the tie line. In the group of colors, between the two ends of the kiss, the thread is laid with ash, and the ridges should be built and built in advance to find the middle point of the roof. In order to put a "ridge" in the middle of the roof, the bobbin is called the dragon mouth, and then chop from the dragon mouth to both sides, to be singular.

下面是铃铛排山脊，先确定排山瓦口，首先沿博缝赶排瓦口，尖山做法排山滴子取双数，必须勾头坐中，即博缝木梳背或扇面上正中为一块勾头瓦坐中，排好瓦口后将瓦口钉在木博缝上，木工瓦工同时配合排瓦口，钉好瓦口木。

The following is the bell row ridge ridge, first determine the PAI mountain tile mouth, first along the Bo seam chunk the tile mouth, Jianshan practice row mountain drops to take two numbers, must sit in the head, that is, the sew wooden comb back or the fan face is in the middle of a seticant tile sitting, after a good tile, the tile mouth is nailed on the sew, the carpenter tile workers simultaneously cooperate with the tile mouth, nail the tile mouth wood.

铺排山勾滴，拴线铺灰，铺排山滴子瓦，排山滴子瓦出檐应比檐头的滴子出檐小，但应使勾头上的钉帽露在垂脊之外，滴子瓦后口再压一块底瓦（耳子瓦）。注意钉帽的是弧形的，要与勾头相随，排山勾滴应与前后坡瓦垄互相垂直，排山勾滴完成后，开始砌置垂脊。

Paving the hills, tipping the line, laying ash, and laying down the mountain drops, the eaves should be smaller than the eaves of the eaves, but the nail on the hook should be exposed to the ridges, and a bottom tile (ear tile) is pressed after the drop of the drop tile. Note that the nail cap is arc-shaped and must follow the hook head. The row of hills should be perpendicular to the ridge of the front and back slopes.

歇山屋面的垂脊没有兽前部分，垂兽的位置应放在挑檐桁上，垂

The ridge of the crest roof has no animal parts. The position of the hanging animal should be placed on the cornice truss.