仿古建筑屋面琉璃瓦施工工艺

Construction technology of glazed tile for roofing of antique buildings

1 施工准备

1 construction preparation

1.1 技术准备

1.1 technical preparation

首先要完善细部节点设计，对设计施工图纸进行高程度的熟悉，提出屋面配瓦方案。收集整理施工放样及数据，编制详细的施工技术方案，认真做好施工前的图纸熟悉及施工放样等工作。对于正脊、细部阴沟、檐口、翼角等进行细部节点设计。对于出现的问题及时反映进行解决，进行足尺放样后，记录相关数据及时测量。

First, we should improve the detail node design, familiarity with the design and construction drawings, and propose the tile matching scheme. Collect and arrange construction lofting and data, compile detailed construction technology plan, and do well in drawing familiarity and construction lofting before construction. For the ridge, fine sewer, eaves, wing angle and other details of the node design. To solve the problems in time and to solve them after the full scale lofting, the relevant data should be recorded and measured in time.

1.2 材料准备

1.2 material preparation

做好材料准备工作是保证施工顺利进行的前提，瓦的准备工作要做细做好，由专人进行采选，采取宝顶、手敲、滴水瓦进行清点。

The preparation of materials is the prerequisite to ensure the smooth construction of the construction, the preparation of the tile should be done well, by the special people to select, take the top of the treasure, hand knocking, water tile to clear.

1.3 施工机具准备

1.3 construction equipment preparation

主要机械设备是桅杆式吊车、单相、水准仪等。所具备的工具有棉纱、线绳、灰桶、电缆线、脚踏板、铝合金靠尺、囊势样板尺、墨斗、钢卷尺等，对这些施工器具进行全方位的检查，使用并配备相关备用器具，以防不测。

The main mechanical equipment is mast crane, single-phase, level, etc. The tools have cotton yarn, wire rope, ash bucket, cable, foot pedal, aluminum alloy foot ruler, sac pattern plate, ink pipe, steel tape and so on.

1.4 作业条件准备

1.4 preparation conditions

1.4.1 主体阶段施工要点

Main points of construction in 1.4.1 main stage

1）目测屋面侧面弧形顺畅，梁标高度要准确；

1) the visual side of the roof is smooth and the height of the beam is accurate.

2）现浇板施工时，为防止浇筑砼上浮，在施工中应注意梁面负弯矩筋必须牢靠固定，以免影响屋面坡势顺畅；

2) during the construction of cast-in-place slab, in order to prevent pouring concrete from rising, we should pay attention to the negative moment reinforcement of beam surface in construction, so as to avoid affecting the smooth slope of the roof.

3）屋脊高度要有充分保证，不足部分用砼加高（高度应考虑筒瓦、底瓦、屋面坡势顺畅及当沟瓦的高度）；

3) the roof height should be fully guaranteed, and the insufficient part should be heightened with concrete.

4）挡泥板浇筑时，必须顺直，高度必须充分保证。

4) when the fender is poured, it must be straight and the height must be fully guaranteed.

1.4.2 屋面防水层及粘背层的施工要点

Construction key points of 1.4.2 roof waterproof layer and sticky back layer

对屋面杂物进行彻底清理，修补平整，并打扫干净后。按常规操作要求及规范工序铺贴防水层，不得有气泡及破损点，它的做法与平屋面是完全不同的，要保证做到横向平整，囊势顺畅，并以此为原则。表面只须拉毛即可，不必压光，以便增强与粘瓦砂浆的结合力。

Thoroughly clean up the roofs, repair and clean the floor. According to the conventional operation requirements and the standard procedure, the waterproof layer should be laid, and no bubbles and breakage points are allowed. The method is completely different from the flat roof. The surface needs only to be brushed, so that it does not need to be pressed to enhance adhesion to mortar.

2 施工工艺

2 Construction Technology

先瓦瓦后再安装脊，即调脊方案。另一种是先安装脊后瓦瓦方案，这种方案操作起来工序繁琐，且纵向布瓦尺寸不好布置。当沟瓦与板瓦、筒瓦，当沟瓦与脊搭接与压槎不便。而方法一解决了难题，且易于操作。具体施工工艺流程包括，瓦件挑选→分垄号中→摆坡面控制瓦→挂坡面囊势控制线五道→瓦底瓦→瓦挡沟瓦→安装脊瓦→用碳黑勾睁眼缝→屋面浮灰清扫→屋面阻碱保护剂。以下对其分别简述之。

After the first tile, the ridges are installed, that is, the ridged scheme. The other is to install the ridge back tile scheme first, which is cumbersome in operation and the layout of longitudinal tile is not good. When the tile and tile, the tile, when the groove tile and ridge overlap and pressure is not convenient. The method first solves the problem and is easy to operate. The concrete construction process includes the selection of tiles, the number of ridges in the ridge, the control tile of the sloping surface, the five channels of the control line of the hanging slope surface, and the tile to the tile of the tile to the tile of the tile to the roof of the roof. The following are briefly described.

1）筒、板瓦长度加工，要采用新式方法，不能采用砍打的老方法，应采用手提切割机切割配瓦，尺寸容易切得准，撞肩又严实，损耗又小，不易发生渗漏，能有效地保证施工质量；

1) tube and tile length processing, we should adopt the new method, can not use the old method of chopping, the hand cutting machine should be cut and matching tile, the size is easy to be cut, the shoulder is hard, the loss is small, the leakage is not easy, and the construction quality can be guaranteed effectively.

2）瓦瓦的工期很紧迫，刨造施工条件，配备足够劳力都应做好准备，并采用扩大工作面的措施方法，尽量缩短施工工期，确保加快施工进度，确保安全施工，努力创造优良工程；

2) the construction period of the tile is very urgent. The construction conditions and the sufficient labor force should be prepared, and the measures to expand the working face should be adopted to shorten the construction period as far as possible, to ensure the speed of construction, to ensure safe construction and to create excellent projects.

3）屋面上瓦，前后坡必须对称上瓦条件，要做到有序有计划上瓦，同时在操作中进行第二次选瓦，为确保施工质量，严禁次瓦上屋面使用；

3) on the roof of the roof, the front and rear slopes must be symmetrical on the condition of the tile, the planned tile should be made in order, and the second tile selection is carried out in the operation, so as to ensure the quality of the construction and strictly prohibit the use of the roof of the secondary tile.

4）在屋而的陡坡上操作，不能穿硬底鞋，以防滑倒伤人及踏坏瓦面，操作时应配备钉有横档的踏脚板，沿口要铺设架板及防护栏、防护网等安全设施，确保安全作业；

4) operate on the steep slope of the house, can not wear hard bottom shoes, in order to prevent skidding and hurt the people and tread the tile surface, the operation should be equipped with the tread board with the cross gear, and the safety facilities such as the shelf and protection fence and the protection net should be laid along the mouth, so as to ensure the safe operation.

5）瓦瓦操作、首先每垄底瓦先铺30mm厚的砂浆，白下而上，一次性铺摆到脊根都，并要铺摊均匀，经初步调整后，即可摆底瓦，要严格按设计规定的“压六露四”（或压五露五等）操作，压茬要均匀准确，并结合实际情况的可调性，如“稀铺沿头，密铺脊”的口诀，是很有科学性的，一能解决瓦垄两端头的塌鼻梁，二能解决沿口例泛水隐患，并能提高外观效果，也是预防渗漏的有效措施；

5) the tile operation, first of all the bottom tile of each ridge, first spread the 30mm thick mortar, under the white and top, and put it on the root of the ridge once, and should spread it evenly. After the preliminary adjustment, the bottom tile can be set, and the "pressure six dew four" (or the pressure five dew five etc.) should be strictly operated according to the design rules, and the stubble should be evenly and accurately, and the adjustment of the actual situation should be adjusted. Sex, such as the pithy formula of "thin spreading head, dense ridge", is very scientific. It can solve the collapse of the nose at both ends of the ridge. Two can solve the hidden danger along the mouth, and improve the appearance effect. It is also an effective measure to prevent the leakage.

6）摆铺底瓦时，操作位外侧的瓦翅比内侧的要略高一些，待扣筒瓦压实后，就会自然调整过来，底瓦过水自会坐中，不然会产生过水偏中的现象。对翼角段的底瓦，瓦口要适当加密，因底瓦随翼角起翘而起翘了，过水已不坐中，所以必须要注意调整瓦口为宜。

6) when the floor tile is laid, the wingwing on the outside of the operating position is slightly higher than that of the inside. After the compaction of the buckles, it will naturally adjust, and the water from the bottom will be sitting in the water, otherwise the phenomenon of excessive water will be produced. The bottom tile of the wing section should be properly encrypted, because the bottom tile is warped up with the angle of the wing, and the water will not be seated. So we must pay attention to adjusting the tile mouth.

3 缺陷修补

3 defect repair

睁眼缝裂缝脱落，分几次用砂浆加碳黑抹平，剔掉太厚灰层。跳垄滚荜跑垄，拆除后，施工中用线绳和2m靠尺检查控制。脊不平不直，拆除后，施工中用线绳检查控制。过水不居中，铺底板瓦不平，施工中应内侧瓦沿略高于外侧瓦沿。

The cracks in the opening of the eyes are broken off, and several times are removed by mortar and carbon black. Ridging and rolling are carried out. After the removal, the rope and 2m are used to check and control the construction. If the ridge is uneven, it is not straight. After dismantling, the rope should be checked and controlled during construction. If the water is not in the middle, the floor tile is uneven, and the inner tile lining should be slightly higher than the outer tile edge during construction.

4 施工中的注意问题及改进方向

4 attention problems and improvement directions in construction

4.1 脱落、睁眼缝裂缝、勾缝不密实、勾缝深浅不一

4.1 fall off, open eyes, cracks, joints are not dense, and joints are very different.

勾缝时制作专用工具，睁眼缝分几次勾满，使睁眼缝勾缝密实、深浅一致。滚垄、跳垄、跑垄：施工中靠尺控制手段，采用目测。屋面囊势不顺畅：用8mm电缆线控制屋面囊势铺底板瓦。

Make special tools when sewing, open the eyes and sew several times to make the joints open and close. Roll ridges, ridges and ridges: visual control is adopted in construction. Roof bursts are not smooth: use 8mm cable to control roof pits.

4.2 工艺改进方向

4.2 process improvement direction

瓦瓦砂浆现行改进方法主要是采用砂、水泥、

The main improvement methods of the tile are mainly sand and cement.